Definition and Examples of Gender (Sociolinguistics)

Definition and Examples of Gender (Sociolinguistics) In sociolinguistics and other social sciences, gender refers to sexual identity in relation to culture and society. The ways in which words are used can both reflect and reinforce social attitudes toward gender. In the U.S., the interdisciplinary study of language and gender was initiated by linguistics professor  Robin Lakoff in her book  Language and Womans Place (1975). Etymology From Latin, race, kind Example and Observations It is quite clear that language use and the use of language are inseparablethat over generations and centuries, peoples constant talking deposits cultural beliefs and ideas in the medium of communication. At the same time, the weight of the linguistics system constrains the kinds of things we say and the ways we say them.   (Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Language and Gender, 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, 2013)  Ã‚   Language Use and Social Attitudes Toward Gender [T]here is now a greater awareness in some parts of the community that subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, distinctions are made in the vocabulary choice used to describe men and women. Consequently, we can understand why there is a frequent insistence that neutral words be used as much as possible, as in describing occupations e.g., chairperson, letter carrier, salesclerk, and actor (as in Shes an actor). If language tends to reflect social structure and social structure is changing, so that judgeships, surgical appointments, nursing positions, and primary school teaching assignments are just as likely to be held by women as men (or by men as women), such changes might be expected to follow inevitably. . . . However, there is still considerable doubt that changing waitress to either waiter or waitperson or describing Nicole Kidman as an actor rather than as an actress indicates a real shift in sexist attitudes. Reviewing the evidence, Romaine (1999, pp. 312-13) concludes that attit udes toward gender equality did not match language usage. Those who had adopted gender-inclusive language did not necessarily have a more liberal view of gender inequalities in language.   (Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley, 2010) Doing Gender It is apparent that when friends talk to each other in single-sex groups, one of the things that is being done is gender. In other words, the fact that female speakers mirror each others contributions to talk, collaborate in the co-narration of stories and in general use language for mutual support needs to be considered in terms of the construction of femininity. For many men, by contrast, connection with others is accomplished in part through playful antagonisms, and this ties in with mens need to position themselves in relation to dominant models of masculinity.    (Jennifer Coates, Gender. The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, ed. by Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany, and Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) A Highly Fluid Social Category Like language, gender as a social category has come to be seen as highly fluid, or less well defined than it once appeared. In line with gender theory more generally, researchers interested in language and gender have focused increasingly on plurality and diversity amongst female and male language users, and on gender as performativesomething that is done in context, rather than a fixed attribute. The whole notion of gender, and identity in general is challenged when this is seen, rather like language itself, as fluid, contingent and context-dependent. This is mainly an alternative theoretical conception of gender, though there are also suggestions that identities are loosening so that in many contexts people now have a wider range of identity options.   (Joan Swann, Yes, But Is it Gender? Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis, ed. by Lia Litosseliti and Jane Sunderland. John Benjamins, 2002)

Balanced Scorecard In Vodafone Group Commerce Essay

Balanced Scorecard In Vodafone Group Commerce Essay McKinsey 7S framework is very important in our working environment, I have to use these theories to analyze Vodafone Company. McKinney 7S are very useful for organization. Even in 21st Century, many company use for analyzing their company. It well know and benefit for analyzing firms, for the fact that 7S. nowadays, a lot of successful firms and organizations used McKinsey 7S to achieving their goals, In the 7S framework, there are 7 important variables can be use into the organization: structures, strategy, systems, staffs, skills, style and shared value. There seven variables can be classified as soft components and hard components. Strategy, structure and system were hard components which are usually feasible and easy to identify because they are usually in the policy statements, business plans, organizational charts, organizational structures and systems as recorded in the report. This is the only viable research organizations are very close, usually by observation or by intervi ew, to understand these poplar. Next, kotter’s 8 step change model also very important for an organization. Kotter;s model of changes work around 8 key steps that need to be planned and executed as part of any change management project. Beside that, balanced scorecard also play very important role in a firms. Kaplan and Norton (1996) had mention that balanced scorecard is a performance tools can be used in strategic map, day by day, connective an organization to the process of organizational goals. Instead of how to capture an organization the current operation, is about creating a strategy, will drive the future direction of development, the construction of a causal link, taking into account the financial and intangible resources, you can determine the success or failure. Overview and Analysis Structure The structure is the skeleton, the form of shape of organizations. It dedicates the way it operates and performs (Waterman et al., 1980). Traditionally,  enterprises and  departments,  sectors and levels  in  the lower layers  to answer  the superstructure.  Today,  planar structure,  where  the work of  the Panel of Experts  to  complete, but also  more common.  The idea is  to  make  the  organization  more elastic,  decentralization, giving  employees and  the  elimination  of  middle  management levels (Boyle, 2007) Strategy The  strategy  to  achieve  the objectives identified  in  the allocation of resources  over time, the  plan of action  or course. It different with tactic, strategy is well thought and often rehearsed. The organization  from its current location  to a new location described in the objectives, subject to constraints of the capabilities (Ansoff, 1965) Systems The  system is a  conventional  process  and  organizes the implementation of  the procedures followed  in  the  strategy and  run  day-to-day  routine matters.  The main purpose  of  these processes  is to achieve  maximum benefit.  Traditionally,  the  higher level management,  the majority of  decisions.  More and more organizations  are using innovation and latest  technology to make faster  decision-making process. Staff Staff  personnel  within the organization,  such as  engineers,  salespeople, marketer  etc.  It is different with old  organizations,  the  new  lead agency for  hiring the best  employees  to  pay more attention to.  Provide them with  strict training  and monitoring  in support of their  worker, and to give  incentives  in order to achieve  the professional distinction of  staff. Based on (Purcell and Boxall, 2008), there are two important can be apply into the organisation-strategy and competitive advantage over their competitors.

Jus 104 Week 4 Short Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jus 104 Week 4 Short Paper - Coursework Example With few guards who are often overwhelmed during peak hours, it becomes hard for them to accurately conduct the security checks and certify the visitors (Sennewald 88-92). Subsequently, by being less, few of the guards are assigned to monitor the alarm systems; thus, making it hard to make predictions in case of security breaches. The inadequacy of inspection and conducting of after-hours security checking of the facility is a great deficiency to the facility because it is during such periods that security systems of the facility are infiltrated and posing a security threat to the facility. Subsequently, by not adequately following the required security procedures especially during lunch hours. This is because, such moments can be used to attacking the facility and its systems easily given that no adequate checks are conducted. Except for the deficiencies, the facility has maintained good practices for its alarm system such as daily maintenance of the register of all visitors, use of identification badges by all employees, and issuing of visitor identification passes. These practices are good and essential in the sense that the visitors’ register will keep a record of all the details of the visitors to the facility including their intended purpose of visit and the host person. Subsequently, the register documents the time when a visitor arrived and the time of departure; thus, making it easy for accountability purposes (Fischer, Edward & David 112-125). This practice is coupled by the issuing of passes or tags to visitors to be carried around whenever one is within the facility. Subsequently, the facility requires all employees to wear identification passes that distinguish them from other persons (Serrano, Eduardo & Jean-Yves 77-79). The passes also grant them access to specific areas that are not easily accessible by other persons for security purposes. It is recommended that for the facility to curb its security breaches

Theory of planned behavior Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of planned behavior - Literature review Example The theory of planned behavior focuses on the intention of a person to perform a particular behavior and relates it to the likelihood of the behavior actually being exhibited. This is similar to the original theory of reasoned action. While gauging intention, the model does not simply deal with a binary set of choices (yes or no). Instead, it measures the motivational factors behind the behavior such as how hard one would be willing to try and how much effort they would be willing to put in to perform the behavior. However, it is important to remember that the intention to perform the behavior can only influence the actual performance if the person has volitional control over the behavior i.e. they can decide to perform or not perform the behavior at will. (Ajzen 1991) Another factor that significantly influences the chances of the behavior being expressed is the person’s actual control over the behavior. This refers to the resources at their disposal and the availability of o pportunities requisite for them to perform the behavior (eg: time, money, energy, cooperation, intelligence etc.). For example, a child could intend to participate in the 100 yard race at his school’s annual sports event. He may be willing to try his hardest, run as fast as he can and train as hard as possible. However, if he suffers an injury a day before the event, he would not have the resources necessary (in this case physical fitness) to exhibit the behavior. Therefore, as long as the person has the intention and the actual control necessary to perform the behavior, there is a high likelihood of the behavior being performed (according to the theory of planned behavior). The importance of actual behavioral control is obvious. The resources and opportunities available to the person definitely influence the chances of that behavior being performed to a certain extent. Another important factor is the perceived behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control is what distingu ishes the theory of planned behavior from the theory of reasoned action. It refers to the person’s opinion of how easy or difficult it would be for them to exhibit the behavior in question and their confidence in their ability to do it. Take for example the phenomenon of stunt biking. Almost every teenager who owns a bike would like to be a stunt biker and impress his or her peers with their daring feats. They have the resources required to do it (in this case an open stretch of road and a bike). Still, very few of them actually try doing a ‘wheelie’ or a ‘stoppie’ or any other such stunt, because the rest are not confident of their ability to successfully exhibit this behavior. This is why perceived behavioral control is an important influence in the exhibition of a said behavior and can be used to predict the probability of success of behavioral expression in an individual. The theory of planned behavior has more utility than merely predicting beha vior. It also attempts to explain the behavior, dealing with attitudes and subjective norms which influence the final outcome. The theory suggests that, at the most rudimentary level, the behavioral intent is a function of the person’s salient beliefs with respect to the behavior. These salient beliefs have been further segmented into behavioral beliefs which influence the person’s attitude towards the behavior, normative beliefs which take the influence of subjective norms into consideration and

Analysis of Work Placement Vacancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Work Placement Vacancy - Essay Example In product development, an employer would be exposed to the global trends embraced by the organization in regards to product production. Skills required for the placement are based on the ability to develop communication and technological techniques (Ford Motor Company, 2014). The IT placement requires one to bear the ability to develop IT tools and solutions to enhance business productivity (Ford Motor Company, 2014). In the marketing placement, one is required to possess consumer appreciation skills as well as the ability to develop fresh and trendy marketing ideas. In the quality placement, a person is required to have ideas on how to connect quality to product production and manufacturing. From my academic experience, I was able to acquire the skills required for the placement. I have exceptional skills in teamwork, total quality assurance, marketing and IT. However, the requirements by ford are more demanding that my prior experience in school. The skills I lack will be provided by the employer in the training experience. Moreover, I will develop skills as required by the employer to increase my work placement effectiveness. In addition, I would enhance the skills I lack by consulting with other employees in the

A study of girish karnads yayati

A study of girish karnads yayati As a reader of Karnads plays, one has to pay attention to their sources. Almost every text has a source in that the plot is derived from somewhere. The common sources of his plays include myth, folk tale, Puranas, historical chronicles, epics etc. He seems to have inspired from Shakespeare who follows the same tendency of adapting recognized plots. The modern dramatists tend to use original plots, or any well known historical or political event, or adapt a popular Greek myth. There is nothing wrong with the practice of adapting any known or unknown text since it may provide you with the new insight into the source text. Some critics even say that every literature is based on another literature as it carries the echoes of its procreator. For Peter Allen, literary texts are built from systems, codes, and traditions established by previous works of literature (2000: 1). The exercise of finding how the original texts are adapted and the new meaning generated in the process is worth attem pting; it offers us with a new perspective on the subject, event, plot etc. The adaptation is normally a process of putting a source text into another genre, a kind of switch over. Many fictions have been transformed into successful plays or films and vice versa: Jhumph Lahiris Namesake, for instance, is made into a film. In the West, it is a popular practice to dramatize a prose narrative or fiction. Sometimes, the adapted text provides a kind of commentary on a source text (Sanders: 18). It offers a new perspective, a viewpoint which is not realized or focused in the source text. It tries to simplify a difficult or unintelligible text to the new readership. Modern Shakespeare is a very good example of such practice. It is a kind of reinterpretation of the canonical texts either by moulding them into a different genre or relocating their cultural context. Besides, the more the adaptation deviates from the source text, the more creative and original it becomes. The question of fidelity towards the source text is irrelevant as it undermines the creativity and innovativeness of the adapted text. The recent success of adaptations is a clear rejection of all those who term these acts as imitations, copying or plagiarism, or repetition. This is because they sustain or prolong our pleasure of the source text. As John Ellis puts it, Adaptation into another medium becomes a means of prolonging the pleasure of the original presentation, and repeating the production of a memory (1982: 4-5). Adaptation is a never ending process; as long as the source text sustains its relevance, a need to adapt it would be felt. Adaptation of a popular story is a profitable enterprise for many reasons. It has already attracted the attention of readers. It has reached a large section of people, and its properties- title, author, characters-may be a franchise in or of themselves already (wikipedia). All these reasons prompt writers to attempt adaptations regularly thereby to be assured of the success of their works. Though adaptation into a stage play is a common activity, it has its own limitations due to the spacio-temporal restrictions of the stage. A playwright has to work within these restrictions by adopting various techniques such as ellipsis, interpolation, narrative etc. Karnad engages himself in what Genette calls transgeneric practice i.e. adapting mythic narratives, folk narratives and historical chronicles into drama. He takes plots from these sources and delivers them in new dramatic forms. In that sense all his plays are transpositions in which the original narratives are adapted with the aesthetic conventions of an entirely different generic process (Sanders: 20). Moulded into a new form these texts offer a new perspective of life which is relevant in the present context. Karnad derives plots from these sources because he feels that they are relevant and enable him to reflect on the contemporary social and political life in a more subtle and systematic way. There are many taboos and forbidden things in the world which can not be discussed overtly. Otherwise you would invite the irk of society unnecessarily. Sources such as myth, folk or historical events/lives of historical figures offer him with a safety valve which enables the expression of the unacceptable or forbidden ideas in an acceptable manner. To put it simply, one can camouflage ones comment on the present social and political conditions with these adaptations. Take the example of Tughlaq which is considered to be a critique of Post-Nehru era in Indian politics. Tughlaq helps Karnad in expressing the disillusionment after the death of Pandit Nehru effectively. The play that started Girish Karnads successful career as a playwright was Yayati. It was penned over a few weeks in 1960 when Karnad was planning to leave India for Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar for three years against the wishes of his parents. Hence, the play had its relevance that older generation demand sacrifices on the part of younger generation. Unlike his other play, it was Priya Adarkar who first translated the play. It served the purpose until Girish Karnad himself felt the need to translate it in 2008. Actually he was reluctant to touch the play, a work of his juvenilia (written when he was only twenty two.) The present translation of the play by Karnad is, therefore, modified and enriched with the suggestions from Satyadev Dubey, Dr. Shreeram Lagoo, and C. R. Simha. On the suggestion of Kurtkoti, Karnad, in Yayati, tried to reinterpret the myth psychoanalytically like Eugene ONeill. Karnad was very much influenced by ONeills Mourning Becomes Electra and wanted to achieve the same kind of intensity. Karnad found the myth of Yayati-Devayani-Sharmishtha rich in possibilities for the expression of psychological and physiological needs of human beings and social obligations. It was moulded on John Anouilhs plays as he was influenced by Alkazi (who had tremendous influence of Anouilh). He experienced Anouilh through Alkazi and wrote his first play Yayati which was inspired from Anitigone. The myth of Yayati-Devayani-Sharmishtha has been continuously adapted in Indian literature. It has been turned into many plays and novels. There are films based on the myth. In Marathi literature, the two Jnanapith Awardees Khandekar and Shiravadkar (Kusumagraj) adapted the myth into a novel and a stage play respectively. Indian writers fascination with the myth of Yayati still exists and works based on the myth pour in every year. However, Karnads adaptation holds an important place in these outnumbering adaptations. He challenges the very authority of parents by inventing the character of Chitralekha who questions the moral authority of Yayati in taking over her husbands youth on the very first night of their marriage. According to Devdutta Pattaniak (2006 article: Myth Theory), in Hindu mythology there is a famous Yayati Complex, that is, parents expecting sacrifices on the part of their children to fulfill their selfish motives. He termed it as reverse Oedipus Complex. In Greek mythology, there are numerous tales depicting a son responsible for the death of his father. For example, the famous tale of Oedipus Rex. However, in Hindu mythology we have the reverse situation i.e. a father destroys his son to fulfill his ambitions. Whether it is Bhisma, Rama or Pooru, they have to sacrifice for the sake of their fathers. The Yayati Complex indicates the moral obligations in Indian family which even Karnad had to abide by when he decided to go to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar for three years. Hence, Karnad employed the myth to show the intricacies of Indian family structure and challenge its moral authority which makes sons like Pooru to sacrifice their prime and precious things to keep it intact. He write s, While I was writing the play, I saw it only as an escape from my stressful situation. But looking back, I am amazed at how precisely the myth reflected my anxieties at that moment, my resentment with all those who seemed to demand that I sacrifice my future. By the time I had finished working on Yayati-during the three weeks it took the ship to reach England and in the lonely cloisters of the university the myth had enabled me to articulate to myself a set of values that I had been unable to arrive at rationally. Whether to return home finally seemed the most minor of issues; the myth had nailed me to the past (2008: 74). Karnad sticks to the original story as far as the past of the characters is concerned. The prenuptial conflicting relation of Devayani and Sharmishtha, Yayatis encounter with Devayani whom he found in a well after her quarrel with Sharmishtha, and his marriage with Devayani form the part of exposition which is spread through the play. In the play, Yayatis liaison with Sharmishtha and willingness to marry her angers Devayani. She makes her father Shukracharya curse Yayati for his transgression to become decrepitude. In the original story, Devayani learns about the marriage between Sharmishtha and Yayati from their sons. Interpolation is a common feature in adaptations. Karnad too invents the character of Chitralekha as a wife of Pooru. Her function is to questions the moral authority of Yayati in taking her husbands youth for his sensuous pleasure. She suggests Yayati to take over the role of husband. Chitralekha: I did not know Prince Pooru when I married him. I married him for his youth. For his potential to plant the seed of the Bharatas in my womb. He has lost that potency now. He doesnt possess any of the qualities for which I married him. But you do. Yayati (flabbergast): Chitralekha! Chitralekha: You have taken over your sons youth. It follows that you should accept everything that comes attached to it. Yayati: Whore! Are you inviting me to fornification? (2008:65-66) The suggestion of Chitralekha makes Yayati realize his mistake and her suicide forces him to return Poorus youth. Swarnalatas character like that of Chitralekha is invented and runs parallel to the disenchantment experienced by the latter. She has also lost her husband and thinks that death brings peace, the deliverance from uncertainty (2008: 60). However, she repents her proposition when she finds Chitralekha, taking cue from her speech, commits suicide. Just as Swarnalatas husband deserted her when he learned about her relationship with her teacher, Devayani too deserts Yayati after he makes love to Sharmishtha. Swarnalatas married life is Karnads addition to the original tale. Tranpositional practices form the core of adaptation activity as genre-switch is mostly what is expected of it. Karnad takes the story from one genre i.e. mythic story as it appeared in Mahabharata and delivers it to new audiences by means of the aesthetic conventions of an entirely different generic process, a stage play. Yayatis story which happened over many years is shown to be happening in a very limited span of time in Karnads Yayati. He has to cut or shorten many action units to focus on the core part of the myth i.e. transplantation of age. Most of the events are merely narrated and conveyed or suggested by characters the past of Devayani and Sharmishtha, Shukracharya cursing Yayati, Poorus marriage and many other events. The identity of Poorus mother is not revealed until the third and fourth Act. In the first Act, there is an impression that Devayani is Poorus mother unlike in the original tale. However, it becomes clear from the third Act that it is Sharmishtha not Devayani who is the mother of Pooru. The revelation of Sharmishtha as Poorus mother makes us understand that Yayati has been in love with her for a long time keeping Devayani in ignorance. It is only in the second Act that she becomes witness to their transgression and decides to leave the palace. That means Sharmishtha is not shown married to Yayati as in the original tale. And it is more than mere vengeance on the part of Sharmishtha in the play. She remains firm behind Yayati and tries to prevent him from exchanging his decrepitude with anyone including Pooru. She wants him to accept his fate and lead a life of an ascetic. Overall Karnad has been faithful to the source text of Yayati. However, he has made few changes to intensify the theme of social obligations and ripeness is all. As Karnad says: †¦old age brings no knowledge, no self realization, only the senselessness of a punishment meted out for an act in which he (Pooru) had not even participated (2008: 73). The play shows that mere old age (i.e.Yayati) should not be revered but the maturity of a youth (i.e. Pooru). The adaptation of the myth of Yayati by Karnad has its relevance not only at the time it was written but also to the present time when children have to sacrifice their wishes to the whims of their parents who are competing with other parents. However, some children are also forcing their loved ones to bend to their wishes. So it is very clear that adaptations provide us with new perspectives and points of view.

Social Class and Health Essay -- Mental Health Nursing

This essay will explore the socio-economic background affecting Regina and the circumstances she faces within her life. In addition to this, I will examine the Sociological model of Social class in comparison to why Regina finds herself in the specific social position that she is in, as well investigating the contributing factors that are associated with social class and health issues. The definition of Sociology described together with the Social Class Model itself. Firstly I will provide a brief picture of Regina’s situation; Regina is a 23 year old single mother of a two year old son. She lives on her own in council accommodation in Bridgeton. Since the age of 8 she has suffered from arthritis, this can be extremely painful at times and needs on-going help from her mother and best friend to care for her child. Due to her health conditions Regina is unable to work therefore receives state benefits. The benefit reform is causing worry for Regina. Additionally Regina an d her ex-partner are disputing child visitation issues. Although Regina receives multi-disciplinary help for her arthritis, she is concerned about the instability of her illness and now feels socially isolated and depressed. The definition of Sociology can be defined in numerous ways there is not right or wrong answer with it, I have chosen the simplest explanation I can find which is â€Å"Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling enterprise, having as it’s a subject matter our own behaviour as social beings. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the street up to investigation of world-wide social processes† (Giddens â€Å" Sociology†, 1... ...a and treat her successfully. References BBC News. (2013). the Great British Class Survey - Results. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/21970879. Last accessed 5 December 2014. Denny, E Earle, S (2008). Sociology for Nurses. Malden: Polity Press. p140--160. Giddens,A. (1989). "Sociology". Available: http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4i1b.htm. Last accessed 28 November 2014. Gro-Scotland. (2010). National Records of Scotland. Available: http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/council-area-data-sheets/glasgow-city-factsheet.pdf. Last accessed 28 November 2014. Murali, V Oyebode, F. (2004). Poverty, social inequality and mental health. Available: http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/10/3/216.full. Last accessed 5th December 2014. Womble,D M (2011). Introductory Mental Health Nursing. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p60-67.